Balasubramanian, et al. [1] have concisely
described various aspects related to coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) in children in the Indian setting. We would like to
address additional issues related to epidemiology of COVID-19,
reasons for uneventful clinical course in children, and the
contributions of Indian judiciary to the health of children
during the pandemic.
From the point of epidemiology, reporting and testing of
children for COVID-19 are less, which lead to under-sampling and
under-reporting of the disease [2]. Decreased illness severity
and an overall resilience to this disease in children facilitate
transmission of the organism by rendering children as carriers.
Moreover, children can shed COVID-19 virus through stools for a
longer time. This is attributed to increased viral load through
the act of swallowing the virus containing sputum or saliva [3]
and the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in
the intestine.
From a physiological perspective, a higher frequency of beating
lung cilia [4] in children hinders the virus entry into lung
pneumocytes. Apart from that, they have low risk for COVID-19
associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to
decreased generation of thrombin, and fibrin formation [5,6].
The other reasons for the protection of lungs and airways are
lack of co-morbidities and less exposure to particulate matter
and pollutants [7], as also mentioned by Balasubramanian, et
al. [1]. In addition, increased expression of ACE2 in
pediatric lungs and other tissues gives additional protection
and contributes to uneventful clinical course [4]. Moreover,
they escape from cytokine storm [6,8] and hence, fatal
complications are rarely observed [8,9]. In addition, exposure
of pediatric population to various vaccines [10] carried out as
per the Universal immunization program in India enhance the
activation of the immune system [11,12], and contribute to
uneventful clinical course. Further, we think that the relative
lack of physical and mental stress in children likely gives
additional protection via psychoneuroimmunology.
Understanding the gravity of the
current and emerging situations of COVID-19, the Supreme Court
of India has given directions [13] and measures to Child Welfare
Committee, Juvenile Justice Boards, Children’s courts, Child
Care Institutions and State Governments across India towards the
care and attention of children in conflict with law and those
kept in various types of homes including those under foster and
kinship care. Thus, Indian judiciary is the first in the globe
to look into the needs of marginalized children and give
specific directions for their care in this pandemic.
Over all, we believe that Indian
children will withstand the outbreak of the novel coronavirus
pandemic, but may be a link in transmission due to possibility
of under-reporting of cases, sub-clinical syndrome and longer
shedding period of virus. We have to urgently address these
through effective public health approach, including possible
vaccination against COVID-19, as and when available [14].
Funding:
None; Competing Interests: None stated.
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