Alterations in social interaction (among other symptoms) in autism are diagnosed by behavioral psychiatry methods. For the first time, researchers in USA have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showing that neural representations of social interactions can accurately identify individuals with autism, and alterations in a particular thought pattern are associated with changes in brain imaging. As per the author of the study: "There’s social awkwardness in autism, and now we can see the biological basis of the social awkwardness. It has to do with an alteration of how the representation of the self, which is almost missing in people with autism, think about the social interaction. They don’t see themselves as part of the concept of hugging or persuading or adoring."

This double-blind randomized controlled trial compared intranasal ketamine with intranasal fentanyl for controlling pain associated with isolated limb injuries in children. Median reductions in pain rating scale for ketamine and fentanyl were comparable, and satisfactory reduction occured in around 80% of participants in each group. Satisfaction score and duration of effect were also comparable, but minor adverse events were more common in children receiving ketamine. Authors concluded that intranasal fentanyl and ketamine were associated with similar pain reduction in children with moderate to severe pain from limb injury.