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research letter

Indian Pediatr 2011;48: 815-816

Adiponectin and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Diabetic Boys


Hala O El-Mesallamy, Nadia M Hamdy, and *Sherine M Ibrahim

Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University and
*
Modern Sciences and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt.
Email: nadia_ [email protected]
 


Adiponectin serum levels were significantly lower in obese diabetic than in non-obese healthy boys (P<0.001). Circulating soluble E-selectin levels was significantly higher in obese diabetic boys than the healthy non-obese (P<0.01). There were significant inverse correlations between adiponectin and sE-selectin, hsCRP, IL-1
b, and MCP-1 and positively with NOx. We conclude that sE-selectin and MCP-1 may represent a link between obesity and related co-morbidities in children and adults.

Key words: Adiponectin, Children, Egypt, Inflammation, Obesity, sE-selectin, Type 2 Diabetes.


We conducted this study to investigate circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (hsCRP, IL-1
b, and MCP-1) in children and the influence of obesity in early life on adulthood as well as the correlation to markers of glucose metabolism (adiponectin) and endothelial damage (NO and sE-selectin).

Twenty boys (age 10-13 years) were included in this study, 10 of which were healthy non-obese controls (Group I). The other 10 were obese boys with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Group II) and not receiving insulin. They were compared to 20 male adults with normal glucose metabolism with mean age 38.5 ア 3.7 years and BMI 31 ア 1.2 kg/m2. Fifty male obese adults with impaired glucose metabolism were also recruited for comparison (mean age 42.2 ア 2.8 years). Table I compares the recruited boys and adults for various biochemical markers. Fasting blood sugar, lipids, insulin, insulin resistance (IR) as HOMA-IR, HDL-C, NOx, and adiponectin differed significantly between cases and controls, both for the boys and adults.

TABLE  I Clinical and Hemodynamic Characteristics of Subjects 

Adults Boys P value
  Group I (n=20)
Normal glucose
metabolism
Group II (n=50)
Impaired glucose
metabolism
Group III (n=10)
Control
Group IV (n=10)
Diabetic
 
Age (years) 38.5 ア 3.7 42.2 ア 2.8a 11.4 ア 1 11 ア 1 NS
BMI (kg/m2) 31 ア 1.2 32.1 ア 1.4 24 ア 1 28.5 ア 1 NS
DM Duration (years) 3.3 ア 1 2.7 ア 1
CVD (MI/-) 25/-
FBG (mg/dL) 102.6 ア 3.1 208.2 ア 89a 106 ア 5.1 256 ア 7b -0.05
HbA1c% 4.5 ア 0.6 9.6 ア 4.3a 4.2 ア 0.7 12.6 ア 0.7b 0.05
TAG (mg/dL) 115.7 ア 25 280 ア 21a 97.4 ア 7.45 222 ア 10b 0.05
TC (mg/dL) 176 ア 16 305.4 ア 44.45a 136.4 ア 11.2 250 ア 4.5b 0.05
HDL-C (mg/dL) 39 ア 1.6 26 ア 2.3a 40.3 ア 1.3 39 ア 1.8b 0.05
LDL-C (mg/dL) 115.5 ア 20 266 ア 22.3a 108 ア 14.3 227.2 ア 9b 0.05
MDA (nmol/mL) 2.9 ア 0.7 5 ア 1.8a 2.6 ア 0.45 4.8 ア 0.4b 0.05
hsCRP (mg/L) 1.7 ア 0.4 34.8 ア 12.7a 0.21 ア 0.12 3.8 ア 1.9b 0.05
Insulin (uIU/mL) 8 ア 1.3 105.2 ア 13.7a 12 ア 1 58 ア 8.2b 0.05
HOMA-IR 2 ア 1.47 73 ア 11.6a 3 ア 0.3 36.6 ア 5.6b 0.05
NOx (Umol/L) 39.9 ア 7.9 5.9 ア 1.3a 37.6 ア 6.3 8.7 ア 1.2b 0.05
IL-1β (pg/mL) 20 ア 1.7 28.4 ア 2.3a 21 ア 1.3 28 ア 1.4b NS
sE-selectin (ng/mL) 22.3 ア 5 37.8 ア 5a 30 ア 2.5 31 ア 2.9 0.05
Adiponectin(pg/mL) 732.4 ア 142.4 266 ア 47.2a 597 ア 75.4 282.5 ア 61b 0.05
MCP-1 (ng/mL) 110.5 ア 7.4 137.2 ア 16a 104.5 ア 3.6 218 ア 32b 0.05
Data is given as mean ア S.D; BMI: body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c %: glycated hemoglobin, 

TAG: triacylglyceriol, TC: total cholesterol, HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL: low density lipoprotein, 

MDA: malondialdehyde, hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reative protein, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of 

assessment-insulin resistance, NOx: nitric oxide metabolites, NS: not significant a,b significant difference 

from control adult and control boys, respectively; P values are for the comparison between the control 

and the study groups at significance level ≥0.05.

Correlation of either adiponetin or sE-selectin with selected anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical parameters in the studied groups was negative and positive, respectively, for boys in the case as well as in the control groups. Negative correlation between adiponectin and BMI demonstrated in our study, has been observed previously [1]. Since, NO inhibits leukocyte adhesion and rolling as well as cytokine-induced expression of MCP-1, its level correlated negatively with hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. The abundance of MCP-1 in blood is increased in obese subjects, suggesting that MCP-1 might be an adipokine whose expression is increased in obesity [2].

Our results demonstrated an elevated level of MCP-1 and sE-selectin in newly diagnosed T2DM obese boys, where both are considered as amplifiers of the inflammatory cascade, and moreover, both showed an inverse correlation with adiponectin. Winer, et al. [3] reported that adiponectin may function as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in childhood obesity because of its strong correlation with several indices of IR. Similarly, Gilardini, et al. [4] reported that hypoadiponectinemia may be associated with a high risk for the MetS. Another explanation was provided by Rosa, et al. [5] who reported that infiltration of inflammatory cells may represent the critical step in adipose tissue-associated inflammation, although the initial trigger(s) for accumulation of these cells remains elusive. The present study extends the existing knowledge about alterations in the pro-inflammatory cytokines family in obese adults to obese children. It also supports the widely accepted theory that low adiponectin levels promote the production of adhesion molecule(s) (namely sE-selectin) in ECs [6].

References

1. Yudkin JS. Adipose tissue, insulin action and vascular disease: inflammatory signals. Int J Obes. 2003;27:S25-S28.

2. Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:7265-70.

3. Winer JC, Zern TL, Taksali SE, Dziura J, Cali AM, Wollschlager M, et al. Adiponectin in childhood and adolescent obesity and its association with inflammatory markers and components of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4415-23.

4. Gilardini L, McTernan PG, Girola A, da Silva NF, Alberti L, Kumar S, et al. Adiponectin is a candidate marker of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189:401-7.

5. Rosa JS, Flores RL, Oliver SR, Pontello AM, Zaldivar FP, Galassetti PR. Sustained IL-1b, IL-4, and IL-6 elevations following correction of hyperglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Diabetes. 2008; 9:9-16.

6. Desideri G, De Simone M, Iughetti L, Rosato T, Iezzi ML, Marinucci MC, et al. Early activation of vascular endothelial cells and platelets in obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3145-52.
 

 

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